Health authorities in North Queensland are urging communities to remain alert to the risk of melioidosis following heavy rainfall and flooding caused by Ex-Tropical Cyclone Koji. This rare but potentially deadly tropical disease is found in soil and water.
Melioidosis is caused by the bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei, which naturally resides in deep soil and muddy water across northern Australia. Cases are most frequently reported during the wet season, particularly after significant rain or flooding, which allows the bacteria to surface and spread more easily.
While uncommon in healthy adults and children, melioidosis can lead to severe illness if the bacteria enter the body through cuts or sores, are inhaled in contaminated dust or water droplets, or are consumed in untreated water. Symptoms, which can emerge between one day and three weeks post-exposure, may include fever, cough, difficulty breathing, skin ulcers, or non-healing sores. In severe instances, the infection can spread via the bloodstream, potentially causing sepsis and, if left untreated, death.
Individuals at higher risk include those with pre-existing health conditions such as diabetes, kidney or lung disease, cancer, weakened immune systems, and heavy alcohol consumers.
Early medical treatment is essential. Melioidosis is managed with potent antibiotics for a minimum of three months, and severe cases often necessitate hospitalisation and intensive care. Prompt attention can be life-saving.
Currently, there is no vaccine for melioidosis. Prevention is crucial, especially during the wet season. Residents are advised to:
- Avoid contact with muddy soil or floodwater when possible.
- Wear waterproof footwear and gloves during gardening or outdoor work.
- Cover cuts, sores, or wounds with waterproof dressings.
- Wash skin thoroughly if it contacts soil or muddy water.
- Exercise extra caution with foot and wound hygiene, particularly for individuals with diabetes.
- Consider wearing a mask when using high-pressure hoses near soil or bore water.
Melioidosis typically does not spread from person to person or from animals. Exposure can lead to illness days, months, or even years later. Health authorities remind the community that while most exposed individuals do not fall ill, the disease can be life-threatening for those who do. Awareness, early symptom recognition, and preventative actions are key, especially with ongoing wet weather.
Anyone feeling unwell after potential exposure to muddy water or soil should seek medical advice promptly. For health guidance, residents can contact their local doctor, health centre, or call 13 HEALTH (13 43 25 84). For emergencies, call 000.