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Psychologists Clarify Misuse of 'Narcissist' Label and Describe Characteristics of Narcissistic Personality Disorder

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The Truth About Narcissism

The term 'narcissist' is frequently used in popular culture, but psychologists argue it is often misapplied to ordinary selfishness or arrogance. According to experts interviewed, true Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD) is a rare, complex condition with specific diagnostic criteria.

Definitions and Prevalence

A person exhibiting five or more of nine specific traits may be diagnosed with NPD.

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5-TR) defines NPD by nine traits, including an exaggerated sense of self-importance, need for admiration, lack of empathy, and a sense of entitlement.

  • Lifetime prevalence is estimated at 7.7% for men and 4.8% for women, with about 1–2% meeting criteria at any given time.
  • Formal diagnosis is rare because many individuals with NPD do not seek therapy or remain in treatment.

Subtypes: Overt and Covert Narcissism

Overt (grandiose) narcissism is characterized by boastful, charismatic behavior and a need for attention.

Covert (vulnerable) narcissism, recognized by the DSM since 2013, involves passive-aggressive, sullen, and victimized behavior. Experts describe it as "manipulation through victimhood."

Impact on Victims

Victims report emotional devastation, including shame, confusion, and, in some cases, suicidal ideation.

Common tactics include gaslighting, mood swings, and isolation. Separation may trigger a "smear campaign" in which the narcissist targets the victim's reputation and relationships.

Causes and Development

  • NPD is believed to result from a combination of genetic predisposition, childhood attachment disruptions, and environmental factors such as excessive praise or criticism from parents.
  • Personality is considered "bedrock" by age 30; however, narcissism may decrease with age.

Treatment and Recovery

Some individuals with NPD, such as social media personality Jacob Skidmore, report achieving remission by ceasing harmful behaviors while acknowledging the condition is lifelong.

For victims, experts recommend reclaiming personal boundaries and focusing on self-reclamation rather than seeking validation from the narcissist.